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Meanwhile, in Norway, Simula was developed during the years 1961–1967.cite-ref-simuladev-14-1[14] Simula introduced essential object-oriented ideas, such as classes, inheritance, and dynamic binding.cite-ref-auto-16-0[16] Simula was used mainly by researchers involved with physical modelling, like the movement of ships and their content through cargo ports.cite-ref-auto-16-1[16] Simula is generally accepted as being the first language with the primary features and framework of an object-oriented language.cite-ref-17[17]

I thought of objects being like biological cells and/or individual computers on a network, only able to communicate with messages (so messaging came at the very beginning – it took a while to see how to do messaging in a programming language efficiently enough to be useful).

Alan Kay,

Influenced by both MIT and Simula, Alan Kay began developing his own ideas in November 1966. He would go on to create Smalltalk, an influential OOP language. By 1967, Kay was already using the term "object-oriented programming" in conversation.cite-ref-alankayonoo-1-2[1] Although sometimes called the "father" of OOP,cite-ref-18[18] Kay has said his ideas differ from how OOP is commonly understood, and has implied that the computer science establishment did not adopt his notion.cite-ref-alankayonoo-1-3[1] A 1976 MIT memo co-authored by Barbara Liskov lists Simula 67, CLU, and Alphard as object-oriented languages, but does not mention Smalltalk.cite-ref-19[19]

In the 1970s, the first version of the Smalltalk programming language was developed at Xerox PARC by Alan Kay, Dan Ingalls and Adele Goldberg. Smalltalk-72 was notable for use of objects at the language level and its graphical development environment.cite-ref-bertrand-meyer-2009-329-20-0[20] Smalltalk was a fully dynamic system, allowing users to create and modify classes as they worked.cite-ref-21[21] Much of the theory of OOP was developed in the context of Smalltalk, for example multiple inheritance.cite-ref-22[22]

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